Lumbar fusion surgery is a well‐established intervention for stabilising degenerative lumbar disorders. However, one of its critical complications is adjacent segment disease (ASD), a condition ...
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Lumbar spine anatomy and function

Medically reviewed by Jennifer Steinhoff, MD Key Takeaways The lumbar spine includes five vertebrae that help with mobility and stability.Lumbar vertebrae are larger because they carry the load from ...
Herniated nucleus pulposus (HNP), also referred to as a herniated disc, is a common spine pathology that occurs approximately 95% of the time at the L4-L5 or L5-S1 level (Fisher et al., 2004; Asch et ...
Todd Lanman, MD, and Jared Ament, MD, performed the first known case combining the Motus total joint replacement implant and the Tops system at adjacent levels. The landmark case was performed on a ...