Finite mixture models and hidden Markov models (HMMs) occupy central roles in modern statistical inference and data analysis. Finite mixture models assume that data originate from a latent combination ...

Sparse early-stage data limits accurate geological risk assessment, increasing the chance of undetected hazards ahead of the TBM. By integrating borehole-derived information through an observation ...

They help determine if a model is truly learning or just memorizing Mathematics In AI: Mathematical concepts such as statistics and probability form the foundation of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and ...