For most African societies in South Africa, the hallmarks of the nineteenth century were difficulty, conflict, dislocation, reorganisation and finally subjugation. The appearance of the Griqua north ...

Bantu South Africa before the Mfecane -- The Zulu kingdom -- The birth of the Swazi nation -- Soshangane and the empire of Gaza -- The Ngoni invasions of east-central Africa -- The invasion of the ...